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How to Use Lists

A JList presents the user with a group of items, displayed in a column, to choose from. Lists can have many items, so they are often put in scroll panes. Because of this, JList is a scrolling-savvy class.

In addition to lists, the following Swing components present multiple selectable items to the user: combo boxes, menus, tables, and groups of check boxes or radio buttons. To display hierarchical data, use a tree.

The following figure shows an application that uses a JList to display a list of image names. When the user clicks on an image name, the application displays the image.

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Try this: 

1. Compile and run the application. The main source file is SplitPaneDemo.java. imagenames.properties provides the image names to put in the JList. You can check the examples index to find our image files or you can modify the properties file to use images you already have. Put the image files in a directory named images.
2. Choose an image from the list. Use the scroll bar to see more names.
3. Refer to How to Use Split Panes to find out about this demo's use of a split pane.

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This section uses the preceding example as a basis for discussing the following topics:

• Working With a List's Model
• Selecting Items in a List
• Adding Items to and Removing Items from a List
• Writing a Custom Cell Renderer
• The List API
• Examples that Use Lists

Here is the code from SplitPaneDemo.java that creates and sets up the list:

//...where member variables are declared:
static Vector imageList;
//...initialize the vector from a properties file...//
...
//...where the GUI is created:
// Create the list of images and put it in a scroll pane
JList list = new JList(imageList);
list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);
...
JScrollPane listScrollPane = new JScrollPane(list);

The code passes a Vector to the list's constructor. The vector is filled with strings that were read in from a properties file. Each string contains the name of an image file.

Other JList constructors let you initialize a list from an array of objects or from an object that adheres to the ListModel interface. If you initialize a list with an array or vector, the constructor implicitly creates a default list model. The default list model is immutable -- you cannot add, remove, or replace items in the list. To create a list whose items can be changed individually, set the list's model to an instance of a mutable list model class, such as an instance of DefaultListModel. You can set a list's model when you create the list or by calling the setModel method. See Adding Items to and Removing Items from a List for an example.

A list uses an instance of ListSelectionModel to manage its selection. By default, a list selection model allows any combination of items to be selected at a time. You can specify a different selection mode by calling the setSelectionMode method on the list. For example, SplitPaneDemo sets the selection mode to SINGLE_SELECTION (a constant defined by ListSelectionModel) so that only one item in the list can be selected. The following table describes the three list selection modes:

Mode	Description	Example
SINGLE_SELECTION	Only one item can be selected at a time. When the user selects an item, any previously selected item is deselected first.
SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION	Multiple, contiguous items can be selected. When the user begins a new selection range, any previously selected items are deselected first.
MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION	The default. Any combination of items can be selected. The user must explicitly deselect items.

No matter which selection mode your list uses, the list fires list selection events whenever the selection changes. You can process these events by adding a list selection listener to the list with the addListSelectionListener method. A list selection listener must implement one method: valueChanged. Here's the valueChanged method for the listener in SplitPaneDemo:

public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e) {
    if (e.getValueIsAdjusting())
        return;

    JList theList = (JList)e.getSource();
    if (theList.isSelectionEmpty()) {
        picture.setIcon(null);
    } else {
        int index = theList.getSelectedIndex();
        ImageIcon newImage = new ImageIcon("images/" +
			(String)imageList.elementAt(index));
        picture.setIcon(newImage);
        picture.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(
                        newImage.getIconWidth(),
                        newImage.getIconHeight() ));
        picture.revalidate();
    }
}

Many list selection events can be generated from a single user action such as a mouse click. The getValueIsAdjusting method returns true if the user is still manipulating the selection. This particular program is interested only in the final result of the user's action, so the valueChanged method updates the image only if getValueIsAdjusting returns false.

Because the list is in single selection mode, this code can use getSelectedIndex to get the index of the just-selected item. JList provides other methods for setting or getting the selection when the selection mode allows more than one item to be selected. If you want, you can listen for events on the list's list selection model rather than on the list itself. Examples of Handling List Selection Events provides an example that shows how to listen for list selection events on the list selection model and lets you change the selection mode of a list dynamically

Here's an application that lets a user modify a list of employees by hiring and firing them:

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Try this: 

1. Compile and run the application. The source file is ListDemo.java.
2. Select a name from the list and click the Fire button.
3. Type in a new name and click the Hire button.

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Here's the code from ListDemo that creates a mutable list model object, puts the initial items in it, and uses the list model to create a list:

listModel = new DefaultListModel();
listModel.addElement("Alison Huml");
listModel.addElement("Kathy Walrath");
listModel.addElement("Lisa Friendly");
listModel.addElement("Mary Campione");

list = new JList(listModel);

This particular program uses an instance of DefaultListModel, a class provided by Swing. In spite of the name, a list does not have a DefaultListModel unless your program explicitly makes it so. If this class doesn't suit your needs, you can write a custom list model, which must adhere to the ListModel interface. Here's the actionPerformed method for the action listener registered on the Fire button:

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
    int index = list.getSelectedIndex();
    listModel.remove(index);

    int size = listModel.getSize();

    //Nobody's left, disable firing
    if (size == 0) {
        fireButton.setEnabled(false);

    //Adjust the selection
    } else {
        //removed item in last position
        if (index == listModel.getSize())
            index--;
        //otherwise select same index
        list.setSelectedIndex(index); 
    }
}

The bold line of code removes the selected item in the list. The remaining lines in the method disable the fire button if the list is now empty, and make another selection.

Here's the actionPerformed method for the action listener shared by the Hire button and the text field:

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
    //User didn't type in a name...
    if (employeeName.getText().equals("")) {
        Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
        return;
    }

    int index = list.getSelectedIndex();
    int size = listModel.getSize();

    //If no selection or if item in last position is selected,
    //add the new hire to end of list, and select new hire
    if (index == -1 || (index+1 == size)) {
        listModel.addElement(employeeName.getText());
        list.setSelectedIndex(size);

    //Otherwise insert the new hire after the current selection,
    //and select new hire
    } else {
        listModel.insertElementAt(employeeName.getText(), index+1);
        list.setSelectedIndex(index+1);
    }
}

This code uses the list model's addElement method to add the new name to the end of the list if the last item in the list is selected or if there's no selection. Otherwise, the code calls insertElementAt to insert the new name after the current selection.

Whenever items are added to, removed from, or modified in a list, the list model fires list data events. Refer to How to Write a List Data Listener for information about listening for these events. That section contains an example that is similar to ListDemo, but adds buttons that move items up or down in the list.

A list uses an object called a cell renderer to display each of its items. The default cell renderer knows how to display strings and icons. If you want to put any other Object in a list or if you want to change the way the default renderer display icons or strings, you can implement a custom cell renderer. Take these steps to provide a custom cell renderer for a list:

• Write a class that implements the ListCellRenderer interface.
• Create an instance of your class and call the list's setCellRenderer using the instance as an argument.

We don't provide an example of a list with a custom cell renderer, but we do have an example of a combo box with a custom renderer -- and combo boxes use the same type of renderer as lists. See the example described in Providing a Custom Renderer.

The List API

The following tables list the commonly used JList constructors and methods. Other methods you are most likely to invoke on a JList object are those such as setPreferredSize that its superclasses provide. See The JComponent API for tables of commonly used inherited methods.

Much of the operation of a list is managed by other objects. The items in the list are managed by a list model object, the selection is managed by a list selection model object, and most programs put a list in a scroll pane to handle scrolling. For the most part, you don't need to worry about the models because JList creates them as necessary and you interact with them implicitly with JList's convenience methods.

That said, the API for using lists falls into these categories:

• Setting the Items in the List
• Laying out the Items in the List
• Managing the List's Selection
• Working with a Scroll Pane

Setting the Items in the List

Method	Purpose
JList(ListModel) JList(Object[]) JList(Vector) JList()	Create a list with the initial list items specified. The second and third constructors implicitly create an immutable ListModel.
void setModel(ListModel) ListModel getModel()	Set or get the model that contains the contents of the list.
void setListData(Object[]) void setListData(Vector)	Set the items in the list. These methods implicitly create an immutable ListModel.

Laying out the Items in the List

Method	Purpose
void setLayoutOrientation(int) int getLayoutOrientation()	Set or get the way list cells are laid out. The possible layout formats are VERTICAL (a single column of cells; the default), HORIZONTAL_WRAP ("newspaper" style with the content flowing horizontally then vertically), or VERTICAL_WRAP ("newspaper" style with the content flowing vertically then horizontally). Introduced in 1.4.

Managing the List's Selection

Method	Purpose
void addListSelectionListener(ListSelectionListener)	Register to receive notification of selection changes.
void setSelectedIndex(int) void setSelectedIndices(int[]) void setSelectedValue(Object, boolean) void setSelectionInterval(int, int)	Set the current selection as indicated. Use setSelectionMode to set what ranges of selections are acceptable. The boolean argument specifies whether the list should attempt to scroll itself so that the selected item is visible.
int getSelectedIndex() int getMinSelectionIndex() int getMaxSelectionIndex() int[] getSelectedIndices() Object getSelectedValue() Object[] getSelectedValues()	Get information about the current selection as indicated.
void setSelectionMode(int) int getSelectionMode()	Set or get the selection mode. Acceptable values are: SINGLE_SELECTION, SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION, or MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION (the default), which are defined in ListSelectionModel.
void clearSelection() boolean isSelectionEmpty()	Set or get whether any items are selected.
boolean isSelectedIndex(int)	Determine whether the specified index is selected.
void setDragEnabled(boolean) boolean getDragEnabled()	Set or get the property that determines whether automatic drag handling is enabled. See Drag and Drop for more details. Introduced in 1.4.
int getNextMatch(String, int, Position.Bias)	Given the starting index, search through the list for an item containing the specified string, and return that index. Introduced in 1.4.

Working with a Scroll Pane

Method	Purpose
void ensureIndexIsVisible(int)	Scroll so that the specified index is visible within the viewport that this list is in.
int getFirstVisibleIndex() int getLastVisibleIndex()	Get the index of the first or last visible item.
void setVisibleRowCount(int) int getVisibleRowCount()	Set or get how many rows of the list are visible.

Examples that Use Lists

This table shows the examples that use JList and where those examples are described.

Example	Where Described	Notes
SplitPaneDemo	This section and How to Use Split Panes	Contains a single selection, immutable list.
ListDemo	This section	Demonstrates how to add and remove items from a list at runtime.
ListDialog	How to Use BoxLayout	Implements a modal dialog with a single selection list.
ListDataEventDemo	How to Write a List Data Listener	Demonstrates listening for list data events on a list model.
ListSelectionDemo	How to Write a List Selection Listener	Contains a list and a table that share the same selection model. You can dynamically choose the selection mode.
SharedModelDemo	Nowhere	Modifies ListSelectionDemo so that the list and table share the same data model.
CustomComboBoxDemo	Providing a Custom Renderer	Shows how to provide a custom renderer for a combo box. Because lists and combo boxes use the same type of renderer, you can use what you learn there an apply it to lists. In fact, a list and a combo box can share a renderer.

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